Emma Nutt

Emma Nutt
Born 1860
Boston?
Died 1915 (aged 54–55)
Nationality American
Occupation Telephone Operator
Known for World's first female telephone operator

Emma Mills Nutt (1860–1915)[1] became the world's first female telephone operator on 1 September 1878 when she started working for the Edwin Holmes Telephone Dispatch Company[2] (or the Boston Telephone Dispatch company[3]) in Boston, Massachusetts.

Contents

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Life and career

In January 1878 the Boston Telephone Dispatch company had started hiring boys as telephone operators, starting with George Willard Croy.[4] Boys (including reportedly Emma's husband[1]) had been very successful as telegraphy operators, but their attitude (lack of patience) and behaviour (pranks and cursing) was unacceptable for live phone contact,[5] so the company began hiring women operators instead. Thus, on September 1, 1878, Emma was hired, starting a career that lasted 33[6][7] or 37[8] years, retiring in 1911[9] or 1915.[8] A few hours after Emma started work her sister Stella Nutt became the world's second female telephone operator, making Stella Nutt and Emma Nutt the first two sisters in world history being telephone operators.[2][10] although, unlike Emma, she stayed for only a few years.[9]

The customer response to her soothing, cultured voice and patience was overwhelmingly positive, so boys were soon replaced by women. In 1879 these included Bessie Snow Balance, Emma Landon, Carrie Boldt, and Minnie Schumann, the first female operators in Michigan.[3]

Emma was hired by Alexander Graham Bell who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone; apparently she changed jobs from a local telegraph office. She was paid a salary of $10 per month for a 54 hour week.[4] She, reportedly, could remember every number in the telephone directory of the New England Telephone Company.[4]

To be an operator, a woman had to be unmarried, between the ages of seventeen and twenty-six. She had to look prim and proper, and have arms long enough to reach the top of the tall telephone switchboard. Much like many other American businesses at the turn of the century, telephone companies discriminated against people from certain ethnic groups and races. African American and Jewish women were not allowed to become operators.[2]

Commemoration

'EMMA', A synthesised speech attendant system created by 'Preferred Voice Inc' and 'Philips Electronics NV'[12] is named in her honour.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Carlos Fernandes. "Unidade Academica de Engenharia Civil, Biography, Emma Mills Nutt". Dec.ufcg.edu.br. http://www.dec.ufcg.edu.br/biografias/EmmaNutt.html. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  2. ^ a b c Colleen Fitzpatrick (1927-04-07). "Forensic Genealogy, Who is Emma Nutt?". Forensicgenealogy.info. http://www.forensicgenealogy.info/contest_28_results.html. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  3. ^ a b "AT&T, Media Info, SBC Michigan Recognizes 125 Years of Telephone Operators, Personal Service, Michigan, San Antonio, Texas, October 31, 2003". Att.com. 2003-10-31. http://www.att.com/gen/press-room?pid=4800&cdvn=news&newsarticleid=20902. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  4. ^ a b c d Petersen, Julie K.. Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. ISBN 9780849311734. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=b2mMzS0hCkAC&pg=PA696&lpg=PA696&dq=%22emma+nutt%22+telephone+operator&source=bl&ots=kKYQAmoXhW&sig=GEOi4yd-4NQnw3T4cb2mtOkBNRY&hl=en&ei=3bKTSo_9DqOZjAf496HzDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=%22emma%20nutt%22%20telephone%20operator&f=false. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  5. ^ "PBS Kids, Number Please". Pbskids.org. http://pbskids.org/wayback/tech1900/phone.html. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  6. ^ "About this date - 1st September, 1878". Hicards. http://hicards.com/platinum/bizarre/9-1.html. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  7. ^ "Holiday insights, Emma Nutt day". Holidayinsights.com. http://www.holidayinsights.com/moreholidays/September/emmanuttday.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  8. ^ a b - Bell South
  9. ^ a b "New Hampshire Telephone, "It's for You!", by Carole Soul" (PDF). http://carolesoule.com/PDFS/NHToDoFeb2008TelephoneMuseum.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  10. ^ Kate Schnedeker. "The Newsletter of the Montgomery County chapter of the National Organization for Women". google.com. http://google.com/search?q=cache:tXqctaLodD0J:www.mcmdnow.org/FromNOWOn/From%2520NOW%2520On%2520Sep%25202005.pdf+stella+nutt+telephone&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  11. ^ "The Telecommunications History Group. Operators. Scene from "Bold Experiment – the Telephone Story"". Telcomhistory.org. http://www.telcomhistory.org/operators.shtml. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  12. ^ "Find Articles, Business Wire, Feb 21, 2000 KMC Telecom Launches CLEC Industry's First Voice Activated Speech Recognition and `Follow Me' Calling Services". Findarticles.com. 2000-02-21. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2000_Feb_21/ai_59580924/. Retrieved 2010-02-17.